Anterior And Posterior Body Landmarks
Anatomical terminology
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Did y'all hear the proverb that learning anatomy is similar to learning a new language? In that location are thousands of anatomy terms that students need to master in a very short time. The wonderful thing about this linguistic communication, is that in many cases, the names of anatomy related content are incredibly helpful if yous just understand that oft the words can exist cleaved downward into different parts that have meanings (prefixes and suffixes). Still, advancing in anatomy is incommunicable without conquering the anatomical alphabet commencement and foremost. This is the foundation onto which farther information is built.
What does it consist of? Here'south what you need to know like the back of your hand:
- Anatomical position
- Directions, body planes, and relations
- Types of movements
- Regions of the body
- Surface anatomy
- Torso cavities
- Specific anatomical terminology
In this page, nosotros'll briefly explain all of these aspects, simplifying your future anatomy learning.
| Anatomical position | Reference position in anatomy: The person is continuing upright, with the arms hanging past the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front. |
| Anatomical planes | Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating slices of various organs and structures. Main anatomical planes: Mid-sagittal/median, sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (axial) |
| Directional terms | Anatomical terms used to draw the position and relation between various structures. Main directional terms: Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, proximal, distal, median, medial, lateral, superior, inferior, cranial, caudal, external, internal, superficial, deep, palmar, dorsal, plantar |
| Movements | Changing the position of a body part around a certain axis and in one of the anatomical planes. Main types of movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion |
| Anatomical regions | Areas of the man torso defined by the landmarks provided by evident structures that are hands palpable or visible. Principal regions: Head, cervix, thorax, belly, pelvis, upper extremity, lower extremity |
Contents
- Anatomical position
- Directional terms
- Types of movements
- Anatomical regions
- Abdominopelvic regions
- Body cavities
- Synovial joint
- Brain anatomy
- Sources
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Anatomical position
When describing any orientation, location, movement, and direction, the reference is the anatomical position. In this universally accustomed reference, the person is considered to exist standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing abroad from the torso. The anxiety are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front.
The anatomical position has no existent meaning on its own since it is a reference for position. It has to be placed in the same context as other anatomical terms, such equally body planes, directions, and relations. Regarding anatomical planes, these are imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating various cuts or slices of various organs and structures. There are four major planes of the body:
- Mid-sagittal/median - vertical plane passing through the centre of the trunk (midline) that cuts information technology longitudinally into right and left halves.
- Sagittal - arbitrary vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline, slicing it longitudinally into correct and left parts. To aid your understanding, imagine that yous are slicing an apple - each slide is a sagittal plane.
- Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal airplane that divides the body into inductive (forepart) and posterior (back) portions.
- Transverse (axial) - horizontal plane at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes, slicing the trunk into a superior (upper) and junior (lower) portions. The obtained cuts are transverse or centric views.
Directional terms
We've seen how the sections and views included in a typical anatomical atlas are obtained, simply how can nosotros describe the position and relation betwixt various structures? By using anatomy directional terms. These adjectives compare the position of two structures relative to ane some other in the anatomical position. They are in pairs of opposites, so if the nose is superior to the mouth, it is automatically inferred that the oral fissure is inferior to the olfactory organ.
| Anterior | In front of or front end |
| Posterior | In behind of or backside |
| Ventral | Towards the front end of the body |
| Dorsal | Towards the back of the body |
| Distal | Away or farthest away from the torso or the signal of origin of the body part |
| Proximal | Closer or towards the trunk or the point of origin of the body part |
| Median | Midline of the body |
| Medial | Towards the median |
| Lateral | Away from median |
| Superior | Towards the top of the head |
| Inferior | Towards the feet |
| Cranial | Towards the head |
| Caudal | Towards the tail |
| External | Towards the surface, superficial |
| Internal | Abroad from the surface, deep |
| Superficial | Nearer to the surface |
| Deep | Farther from the surface |
| Palmar | Inductive hand or palm of mitt (palmar) |
| Dorsal (of hand) | Posterior surface of hand (back) |
| Plantar | Inferior surface of foot (sole) |
| Dorsal (of pes) | Superior surface of human foot (dorsum) |
There are quite a lot of them, correct? Unfortunately, they are essential and you need to know them like the dorsum of your paw. Hither'south a human body diagram that provides yous with an overview:
Exercise you want to acquire more about body planes and sections, as well as anatomical directions? Bank check out the following report unit of measurement to aid you cement your cognition. If you want to challenge yourself even further, try out our customizable quiz near the anatomical terminology!
Types of movements
At present that we've looked at planes and relations, let's learn the anatomy terms that depict movements. As y'all know, joints are the junction of two or more basic and allow movements to accept place in various directions and degrees of motion. Non-skeletal structures like the lips, tongue and eyelids also move, but their associated movement terms are specific.
When describing articulation movements, two factors are included:
- Axis, or fulcrum, around which the specific part moves
- Plane of the movement
| Flexion | Decreasing the bending betwixt two structures |
| Extension | Increasing the angle betwixt 2 structures |
| Plantarflexion | Flexion of the plantar (underside) part of the foot |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion of the dorsum (top) part of the foot |
| Abduction | Moving away from the midline |
| Adduction | Moving towards the midline |
| Protrusion | Moving straight ahead or frontward (tongue, mandible) |
| Retrusion | Moving backwards (tongue, mandible) |
| Protraction | Moving forwards and laterally simultaneously |
| Retraction | Moving backwards and medially simultaneously |
| Low | Moving downwards |
| Elevation | Moving upwards |
| Medial (internal) rotation | Screw move towards the midline |
| Lateral (external) rotation | Screw movement abroad from the midline |
| Rotation (trunk) | Twisting movement towards or away from the midline (left or correct) |
| Flexion (trunk) | Side (lateral flexion) or forward (anterior flexion) bending |
| Extension (torso) | Bending backwards |
| Pronation | Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed) |
| Supination | Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position) or superiorly (if elbow is flexed) |
| Circumduction | Combined motility starting with flexion, and then abduction, extension, and ending with adduction |
| Deviation | Motility of the wrist joint towards the radial or ulnar sides (radial deviation, ulnar deviation) |
| Opposition | Touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same mitt |
| Reposition | Separating the pad of any of your fingers from the thumb of the same paw |
| Inversion | Plantar side of the foot is rotated towards the median airplane |
| Eversion | Plantar side of the foot is rotated away from the median aeroplane |
All of these movements tin be very confusing without seeing them in action. If you lot want to simplify your learning about movement terms, take a look below!
Anatomical regions
The human torso is divided into regions. The main ones in the human trunk are the caput, cervix, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, together with the upper and lower extremities. The upper limb is divided into shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The lower limb consists of the hip, gluteal, thigh, knee joint, leg, ankle, and pes. All of the anatomical regions are defined by precise landmarks making them universally accepted terms that every healthcare professional instantly recognizes and understands. Generally speaking, these landmarks are provided past evident structures that are easily palpable or visible. This is known as surface anatomy.
On the trunk (thorax and abdomen) there are several lines and surface landmarks, as follows: anterior/posterior median lines, sternal line, parasternal line, midclavicular line, anterior/centre/posterior axillary lines, paravertebral line, scapular line, ribs, sternum, vertebral spinous processes, clavicle, and pectoral muscles. These imaginary lines intersect at various points, creating item regions between them. These are named:
- Presternal region
- Infraclavicular fossa
- Clavipectoral triangle
- Deltoid region
- Axillary region
- Pectoral region
- Inframammary region
- Vertebral region
- Suprascapular region
- Scapular region
- Interscapular region
- Lateral pectoral region
- Infrascapular region
- Lumbar triangle
- Sacral region
- Gluteal region
- Anal region
The head and cervix also consist of regions. They are not formed by precise planes, but they are named according to the anatomical structures independent inside them. Therefore, the terms are easy to empathize: frontal, orbital, infraorbital, nasal, oral, mental, sternocleidomastoid, lateral cervical, posterocervical, buccal, parotideomasseteric, infratemporal, zygomatic, temporal, occipital, and parietal regions. In improver, there are submandibular, submental, carotid, and muscular triangles, supraclavicular, jugular, and retromandibular fossae.
Similar to the head and neck, the extremities are divided into regions according to their anatomical contents. Regions in the upper limb are named scapular, axillary, deltoid, brachial (anterior, posterior), cubital (inductive, posterior), antebrachial (anterior, posterior), carpal (inductive, posterior), palmar, and dorsal regions.
The regions of thelower limb are the post-obit: femoral triangle, gluteal, femoral (anterior, posterior), genicular (inductive, posterior), popliteal, crural (anterior, posterior), lateral retromalleolar, dorsal, plantar, and calcaneal regions.
Solidify your knowledge well-nigh the main regions of the body with the following quiz!
Abdominopelvic regions
Regarding the abdominal regions, nosotros'll look at them separately because they are a favourite exam question and crucial clinical topic. Two approaches are used in medical practice. The simpler one takes advantage of a horizontal and vertical centrality crossing at right angles directly on the umbilicus. This results in the formation of iv abdominal quadrants called correct upper (RQQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), and left lower (LLQ) quadrants.
The 2nd one involves 4 planes: two vertical lines running through the middle of the clavicles and eye of the inguinal ligaments, and two horizontal axes. 1 of which passes straight subcostally, while the 2d traverses the iliac tubercles. The intersection of these planes forms 9 abdominal regions; the correct hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, correct lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac regions.
Are you curious to discover out more about these regions and what organs or structures they include? We've got your back - you just need to click below.
Body cavities
Many anatomical structures are housed within open up fluid filled spaces, or cavities, located throughout the body. The about important ones are located axially, meaning within the skull, vertebral cavalcade, thorax, and abdomen. What's the importance of such spaces? Cavities compartmentalise the body, they as well protect and lubricate organs; reducing friction during organ movement.
The human torso has two cavitary groups - anterior and posterior. The latter is equanimous of two cavities called the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, which are continuous with each other and comprise the central nervous system (encephalon plus spinal string). Information technology is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which bathes the cardinal nervous system.
The larger inductive cavitary group is equanimous of several smaller cavities chosen the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The former is composed out of the superior, inductive, middle, and posterior mediastinal cavities, as well as the two pleural cavities. The latter is subdivided into the intestinal and pelvic cavities. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm. Each of these spaces is dwelling to the typical neurovasculature structures and organs specific to each respective region. The pericardial cavity, sitting within the mediastinum, deserves a special mention because it contains the center.
Fortify your noesis almost the cavities of the torso with this content nosotros have prepared for you.
Synovial joint
Do you remember when we talked about all the different anatomical terms representing movements? One set of structures making these deportment a daily reality are joints, which are the matrimony of ii or more basic. There are many types of joints classified according to many criteria, i example being synovial joints. Also known as diarthrosis, a synovial joint is a potential space containing synovial fluid that separates two basic. It is the most flexible out of all types, allowing a bully degree of movement and joint movements. The os ends are covered with cartilage. At that place are six chief types of synovial joints:
- Pivot joint
- Ball and socket articulation
- Condyloid joint
- Saddle joint
- Hinge joint
- Airplane joint
Almost every major joint in the homo body is synovial in nature, including the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee joint, and ankle joints. If you want to learn more near this specific joint blazon, tackle the following resources.
Brain beefcake
Housed inside the cranium, more than specifically the cranial cavity, the encephalon consists of folds (gyri), grooves (sulci), and clefts (fissures). It is composed of several parts, such as:
- Cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex)
- Diencephalon
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Ventricles
Several lobes of the brain (parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, and insular) form the cerebral hemispheres, each one having several distinct roles. For example, the frontal lobe part includes motor function, trouble solving, memory, linguistic communication, judgement, and many more than. The brainstem is the vegetative and most primitive office, consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Here'due south a brain diagram illustrating its diverse parts:
What nearly the cerebellum office? This structure is unique in terms of structure and roles, being involved in rest and movement coordination, to name a few. The ventricles are role of an unabridged system called the ventricular system of the brain that is involved in the production and drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system.
In terms of directional terms, axes, and planes, the brain is quite special. It has neuraxes which are different than the normal body axes. There are two in total called rostral/caudal and ventral/dorsal neuraxes. As you can run into, the previous four relation terms are preferred in the brain, only they tin can change to the normal terms used in other parts of the human torso when referring to structures to a higher place or below the midbrain.
Test your noesis of the anatomy of the brain with the quiz below!
If y'all want to primary the parts of the brain and their beefcake, as well as the complicated orientation inside the encephalon, have a sneak peek below:
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